Water pollution can also pose public health problems such as accumulation of heavy metals in fish, which can affect human consumers of fish from this river system through increased blood lead levels of heavy metals, which can be fatal. One possible source of high Cr might be leather tanning industries in Meycauayan. In general, the DO level in the morning for all ponds at both sites was generally less than the recommended limit of 5.0 ppm. Microbiological Variables of the Upstream and Downstream Locations, Heavy Metal Analysis of the Upstream, Midstream and Downstream Sites of the Meycauayan River. The degraded state of the water resources in the Philippines arises from the absence of an effective system to stop the uncontrolled dumping of untreated sewage, garbage and industrial effluents into water bodies. In. They were below the limit of detection of the XRF. 583. p, Effect of zeolite on reduction of cadmium level in water and improvement of haematological parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), The influence of chankanay zeolites as feed additives on the chemical, biochemical and histological profile of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Method 365.1: Determination of Phosphorus by Semi-Automated Colorimtery, Method 410.3: Chemical Oxygen Demand (Titrimetric, High Level for Saline Waters) by Titration, Method 7000B: Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, This site uses cookies. Water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016, Department Of Environment And Natural Resources, p. DENR Administrative Order No. The sources of biochemical oxygen demand in the Pasig River were domestic, industrial and solid wastes.20. Table 5 shows the heavy metal concentrations of pond water before and after pond preparation. The mean pH of the upstream site was 7.49, while the midstream and downstream sites had a pH of 7.28 and 7.35, respectively. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines. Both upstream and midstream exceeded the severe effect level of 820 ppm for Zn. The total Cu concentration of sediments in Pond 5 showed a decreasing trend throughout the culture period. The pH level of the sites was slightly alkaline, which is desirable for aquatic organisms. Lead failed to satisfy the standards set by NOAA in which the severe effect level is 250.0 ppm.11 The midstream site had a Pb level of 391 ppm, which was relatively low compared to upstream and downstream. The Pb levels of the Meycauayan River were above the severe effect level of 250 ppm. In addition, the water on the upstream side was stagnant, which resulted in a decreased dissolved oxygen level. Heavy metals have a severely damaging effect on the ecological balance of the recipient environment and tend to bioaccumulate in the food chain and ultimately reach human consumers.28 There are no sediment standards available for the Philippines, however there is an available standard developed by NOAA, the Screening Quick Reference Table for Inorganics in Sediment.11 This guide categorizes heavy metal levels as on the threshold, probable or severe effect level. Hydrogeophysical Evaluation and Vulnerability Assessment of Shallow Aquifers of the Upper Imo River . The demand for oxygen does not occur directly where the effluent or runoff water is discharged, but is manifested somewhere downstream where decomposition finally occurs. Mining, leather and leather products, fabricated metal products and electrical equipment are industries with Cu-bearing discharges that contribute to anthropogenic inputs of Cu to surface water.26 Since Marilao and Meycauayan rivers are known to be polluted with heavy metals, there is a high probability that the aquaculture sector may be affected by Cu toxicity. Artisanal gold and precious metal refiners that use toxic heavy metals lie on the upstream causing much of the pollution. Three sampling points were chosen to be representative of the river. As of 2013, there are 17 designated WQMAs in the After air drying, the sediments were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (Niton-XRF analyzer). The results of the sediment quality analysis of heavy metals using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and their assessment with different sediment quality guidelines are shown in Table 4. Application of zeolite in sediments resulted in decreased levels of lead during the culture period. Moreover, oxygen can become lethal in some cases when levels are too high, and act as a metabolism depressant. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. The dissolved oxygen level was very low and unsatisfactory for aquatic life. The present study showed that TDS increased from upstream towards downstream. Chemical oxygen demand is the total measurement of all chemicals (organic and inorganics) in the water. Available from: Water: monitoring and assessment: 5.8 total solids [Internet], Water: monitoring and assessment: 5.7 nitrates [Internet]. Get the app Historical During the summer months, pond stratification affects the level of DO. (Source: Google Maps). The most common group of bacteria used for monitoring and assessing water quality are coliform bacteria. Physicochemical parameters of water such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored throughout the culture period. The ORP is a measurement that indicates the degree to which a substance is capable of oxidizing or reducing another substance. 51 -100. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software package. The fish samples were harvested for heavy metal analysis using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Background. It was mixed with molasses with water at a rate of 500 ml molasses and 100 L of water for every 1 L Super biotic and was incubated for 24 hours in a drum before application to the ponds. It also exceeded the severe effect level of 110 ppm. It aims to assess the performance of different remediation strategies in terms of the physicochemical changes in water and the heavy metal content of water and sediments along with the growth performance of stocked milkfish. Summary of the Cost-effectiveness of the Different Remediation Strategies. In relation to dissolved oxygen, a high ORP level means that oxygen is abundant for the bacteria. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Conclusions. The study specifically aimed to examine physico-chemical water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand) and biological quality (total bacterial and total coliform count) of the Meycauayan River. It assists its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and economic development. Percentage survival of milkfish was much higher at Liputan. Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) is of great concern as formal and informal industries utilizing toxic heavy metals located along the river system discharge their untreated wastewater into the river.1 Heavy metal and organic pollution are severe on the river system and have caused environmental resource degradation and pose numerous public health risks. However, ponds at Liputan (Pond 5 and Control Pond 2) exceeded pH 8.5, which could be stressful for fishes. [updated 2012 Mar 6; cited 2020 Apr 1]. (a) Pond 1 (filtered + probiotics + zeolite); (b) Pond 2 (probiotics + zeolite); (c) Pond 3 (phytoremediation) and (d) Control Pond 1, Oxygen levels in ponds at the Liputan site in the morning and afternoon monitoring. Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. Dissolved oxygen is regarded as one of the most important indicators of water quality. Ponds were monitored for 17 weeks, or 4 months, which is the prescribed time for milkfish culture. Fish sampling was done monthly to determine the levels of heavy metals in each pond. Objectives. It is essential for the survival and physiological function of fish and other aquatic organisms. [about 2 screens]. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Heavy metals in sediments and fish were monitored. Fishponds using water from the Marilao and Meycauayan River of the MMORS Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando river system were the focus of the present study. This helped to reduce the stress on fish and helped them survive higher temperatures. Aerosols were collected on May 2016 during the same time that water samples were collected. The probiotic used in the present study was purchased from CP (Charoen Phokphand) Feeds in Samal, Bataan, the Philippines, consisted of Super biotic and pH fixer. On the other hand, the cell will shrink if the concentration is higher in the river because water inside the cell will move out. The creek has also emitted a strong odor of . Freshwater streams require a conductivity level between 0.15 mS/cm to 0.50 mS/cm to support diverse aquatic life. Copper, chromium, lead and manganese were detected in pond sediments. The city is located 19 kilometers (12 mi) north of Manila and 26 kilometers (16 mi) south of Malolos City, the provincial capital . Ammonia and COD exceeded recommended levels. Results of physic-chemical analyses of samples indicated the deterioration of the natural quality of the river waters. Due to the characteristics of coliforms, they are used in detecting human and animal fecal contamination in bodies of water. In order to address organic and heavy metal pollution, several remediation strategies were tested in aquaculture ponds along the river system. It is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the developing world on the account of industrial discharges of toxic. The plant used in the present study was vetiver grass (Chrysopogon sp) purchased from Vetiver Farms, the Philippines. This work investigated the sources of the heavy metal pollution by. In addition, sediment quality index assessment must be included and highlighted because of the importance of sediment to the health of surrounding water bodies. (PCA) to conduct a source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols from 8 sampling locations along the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS). Chromium was detected in the sediments for both Nagbalon and Liputan sites. Average Body Weight and Feed Conversion Ratio of Milkfish Across Ponds. Ammonia levels of ponds at the Nagbalon study site over the entire culture period, Ammonia levels of ponds at the Liputan study site over the entire culture period. Daily temperature levels for most of the ponds were within recommended limits (25 - 31C) based on the DAO 16-08 standard for Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016.7 Temperatures were within the tolerable range, although there were days, especially in the afternoon, when the temperature reached a maximum of 35C. Bengaluru, capital of the southern state of Karnataka, is Indias fourth most populous and economically productive city. A very high zinc (Zn) level was observed at the upstream (2157 ppm), midstream (2256 ppm) and downstream (741 ppm) locations. The Meycauayan River is considered one of the most severely polluted rivers in the Philippines due to heavy metal and organic pollution that has caused environmental degradation. Fish parameters such as average body weight and feed conversion ratio were determined. . Background: Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. It might float up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted and might not survive.22 Sources of dissolved solids might come from different industrial activities and surface runoff along the river. The results of the present study showed that application of ponds with probiotics had a positive effect on the growth of milkfish for the Nagbalon site. According to a study by Gorme et al., dissolved oxygen levels of the Pasig River were below the limit set by the DENR of 5.0 ppm from 1990 to 2009. Phosphate levels were high downstream. A decrease in dissolved oxygen level might also be due to the consumption of bacteria during decomposition. In this landlocked country of 3.4 million people, 42% of households with people with disabilities live in poverty, compared with 18% of households with persons without disabilities. For the Liputan site, milkfish reared in the phytoremediation pond showed a better FCR throughout the culture period. The manganese (Mn) level of the midstream and downstream sites was high and exceeded the severe effect level of 1100 ppm. Methods. The pH of natural water bodies is greatly influenced by the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is an acidic gas.9 Based on the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standard set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources,7 the pH for class C water should be in the range of 6.5 8.5. 10.5696/2156-9614-10.26. The post-hoc Tukey test showed significant differences for these variables across the three study sites. The Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS) is cited as one of the 30 most polluted rivers in the world by the Blacksmith Institute in 2008 due to its huge discharge and accumulation for years of industrial and domestic pollutants. A hypoxic environment can reduce cell functioning, disrupt balance and could result in the death of aquatic organisms. . Moderate. Journal of Health and Pollution 1 June 2020; 10 (26): 200609. doi: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200609. A low level of solids could cause swelling up of the cell as water enters it. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Assessment of the Effect of Remediation Strategies on the Environmental Quality of Aquaculture Ponds in Marilao and Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines' and will not need an account to access the content. Aside from physico-chemical variables, the quality of the water samples was also determined through microbial indicators. The ammonia levels exceeded the permissible limit before and after pond preparation. Sediment samples were air dried and ground into fine powder using a mortar and pestle. The river system is currently used as a source of water for the aquaculture industry in Bulacan. Monitoring of heavy metal sediments was performed every month throughout the culture period. The authors declare no competing financial interests. A number of factors that could affect dissolved oxygen concentrations include water movement, presence of photosynthetic organisms (algae and aquatic plants) and bacteria, temperature and pollution. The phosphates at the downstream site exceeded the recommended limit of 0.5 ppm. In the latest National Water Quality Status Report (20062013), the Meycauayan River was regarded as poor water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen. The removal efficiency of zeolite for other heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, iron (Fe), and Pb were 90, 90, 90, 75, 85, 70, and 95%, respectively.23. There is a high level of dissolved oxygen in the upper layer, where warmer temperatures and phytoplankton growth indicate good water quality, while in the lower layer, there is very low DO and poor phytoplankton growth, indicating poor water quality.13 Seasonal stratification occurs, resulting in temperature-dependent density. Hence, less oxygen is available to aquatic organisms. Dissolved oxygen below the recommended level of 5.00 ppm is stressful for fish and other aquatic life. Ammonia had a significantly strong negative relationship with growth parameters. When the phytoremediation setups for both sites were installed, there was a significant increase in the average body weight of milkfish, as reflected in the 2nd and 3rd month of sampling. The results of the present study indicate that the downstream site was more polluted, possibly due to the accumulation of pollutants coming from the upstream site. 1994; Gorme et al. The river water was gray at the upstream location and almost black downstream. Search for other works by this author on: The world's worst polluted places: the top ten of the dirty thirty [Internet], National water quality status report 20062013 [Internet], Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Environmental Management Bureau, Protecting livelihoods, human and ecosystem health in the Philippines, Seasonal and spatial variation of Yamuna River water quality in Delhi, India, Method 352.1: Nitrogen, nitrate (colorimetric, brucine) by spectrophotometer [Internet], United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 365.3: Phosphorous, all forms (colorimetric, ascorbic acid, two reagent) [Internet], Method 405.1: Biochemical oxygen demand (5 days, 20C), Method 410.4, Revision 2.0: The determination of chemical oxygen demand by semi-automated colorimetry [Internet], Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods, DENR administrative order no. John Vincent R. Pleto, Veronica P. Migo, Mark Dondi M. Arboleda; Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan River Segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System in Bulacan, the Philippines.